INTRODUCTION:

We live in the globalised world with information being rapidly transmitted, MNCs adapting to new markets and refugees fleeing across continents. As communication is a field of knowledge with both educational, organizational, and implications. Complementing existing persuasive communication models of personality, cultural traits with dimension may be way of doing so.

There is a reason why being persuasive is important for professional development, business life as well as organizational elevation. It helps people take actions will actually benefit despite mental roadblocks they might have prevented them from doing so. Considering business as whole if working for large corporation or as an entrepreneur operator, it is likely that your communication will reach people from wide variety of cultural origin. There cultural Consideration makes decision making and behaviour even more complex and challenging. But there are many social scientists who study and uncovered same helpful thumb rules for effectively community and persuading other from cultural differences.

Theoretical background:

Trends of Persuasive Communication Some say persuasive communication is art, some say it is skill but more like professional. But it is an inbuilt culture of human society. We call persuaders many names like spin doctors, spokesperson, ambassador, promoters, mouthpiece, represent, mirror of organization and PRs, etc. When you can sell, convince, motivate, influence people-easily and sell your vision or able to help them perceive their opinions then you are seen as an extraordinary person. Enable to market yourself - you become self-sufficient within yourself and become an influencer.

Dominance of persuasive communication:

Gives you leadership qualities - leadership is not hierarchical, it is the personality, voice modulation, confidence and knowledge make you a great orator. Helps you in delivering your points- when you start enjoying being persuasive, things become easy for you. You don't have to prepare yourself you can put out best from your own will. Makes you motivational speaker- The confidence and enthusiasm add more zeal to your style and contents of speaking and when you motivate others people would listen to you. Persuasive communication becomes a basic instinct more than just communication, art or skill (the way people or animals naturally react or behave to learn).

Considering the traits of persuasive communication Personality that adds confidence, believe to convince in putting opinion. Being charming and charismatic while still intellectuals lay out facts to their advantages. Higher rate conversion- So at the end of the day, it resulted that persuasive people have higher rate at convincing with their agenda.

Elements of cultural traits:

Religion, language, gender role, social structure, tradition, laws and customs. Culture defined as symbol, beliefs, values and artifacts that are part of culture.

Nonmaterial culture are intangible includes beliefs, symbols, language, values whereas Material culture are tangible like clothing, eating's, transportation, dress, habitation etc.

Cultural Adaptation:

The association between culture and personality dimensions suggests that understanding individualism-collectivism and idiocentrism-allocentrism can help in adapting pedagogical models and management practices to different cultural contexts. This knowledge can facilitate a better understanding of international students' needs and behaviors in a foreign academic and social environment.

Recruitment and Management:

Recognizing the influence of culture on personality traits can benefit multinational companies in recruitment processes and management training programs. By considering cultural diversity within geographical entities, organizations can tailor their approaches to effectively engage with diverse customer bases and employees from various cultural backgrounds.

Psychological Assessment and Treatment: Understanding the interplay between culture and personality can enhance psychological assessment and treatment of clients from different cultural contexts. By incorporating idiocentrism-allocentrism dimensions into assessments, mental health professionals can provide more culturally sensitive and effective interventions.

Motivation of International Students:

The study suggests that both idiocentric and allocentric individuals, as well as those from individualist and collectivist cultures, have different reasons for studying abroad. Further research is needed to explore whether idiocentrics from collectivist cultures seek international studies as a means to escape their cultural norms. This understanding can help universities tailor programs to meet the diverse motivations of international students. In conclusion, the study highlights the importance of considering cultural influences on personality dimensions when examining the experiences of international students studying abroad. By acknowledging the impact of culture on individual traits and behaviors, institutions and organizations can create more inclusive and supportive environments for diverse student populations.

Varies scope and applications of persuasive Communication:

Healthcare and medical practices, Science and technologies, Trade and commerce, Family relationship, Leadership, Politics, Legal matter, Prevent corruption, Development in our social life, Development of strategies at workplace, global development. Cultural Influence on Personality: The study found a significant difference in the number of idiocentrics and allocentrics among international students from different cultural backgrounds. This aligns with previous research that has demonstrated a relationship between cultural context and self-concepts, as well as between individualism-collectivism and idiocentrism-allocentrism.

Cultural Priming:

The findings indicated that culture influences personality, with cultural context priming individuals to think in certain ways about themselves and others. This supports previous studies showing how cultural norms and values shape individuals' self-perceptions and behaviours.

Cultural Diversity within Geographical Entities:

The study suggested that it may not be appropriate to equate geographical entities with culture, as cultural diversity can exist within such entities. This finding underscores the complexity of cultural influences on personality traits and highlights the need to consider individual differences within cultural groups.

Culture Fit Hypothesis:

The study's results are consistent with the culture fit hypothesis, which posits that a match between an individual's tendencies (e.g., idiocentrism or allocentrism) and the cultural context's norms can facilitate well-being, while a mismatch may lead to distress. This supports the idea that alignment between personality dimensions and cultural values is important for psychological adjustment and mental health.

Overall, the study's findings contribute to the body of research linking culture and personality dimensions by providing empirical evidence of how cultural backgrounds influence idiocentrism-allocentrism among international students. By highlighting the interplay between culture and personality, the study adds to our understanding of how individuals' cultural contexts shape their self-concepts and interpersonal behaviours.

Introduction to Idiocentrism – allocentrism:

Individuals high on idiocentrism view the self as being separate from others, give priority to personal goals over the goals of the collective, and are concerned with achievement. Whereas Individuals high on allocentrism view the self as inseparable from their in-group members.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:

Through various journals researcher filtered the paper related to said coherent concept and found total 50 paper out of which 10 are matching with the title of this paper. The datas are collected from sites like scopus, web of science, inflibnet, shodhganga, google scholar, etc Researcher wants to see the coherent concept through the specs of analytical analysis that would have included population sampling speaking three languages English, Odia Hindi from literate background at least passing higher secondary education with age group of 25 to 50 putting ANOVA test along with t test on individual can be done to get better output. Qualitative research methodology makes use of open-ended questions and motivates participants to express their thoughts and views openly with no limitations. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) statistical formula used to compare variances across the means (or average) of different groups. A range of scenarios use it to determine if there is any difference between the means of different groups. But due lack of time reseracher tried to compile through theoretical analysis only leaving future scope of critical research to another researcher.

LITERATURE REVIEW:

Individualism and collectivism.

Individual cultures look to provide sorts of values benefitting yours before accomplishing others request. It is focused on culture such as US, Canada, UK, people tend to value their independence and focus own personal goals. But collectivism focus on culture like Japan, China, and Korea tend to see themselves fundamentally embedded within wider social group. Such different perspective shows consistent effect on customer’s response to advertisement. This dimension refers to the degree to which a culture is shaped by the theme of the autonomous individual or by the theme of the collective (Triandis, 1993). There is a significant relationship between cultural background and personality traits in the expected direction. Thus, cultural influences play a role in shaping individuals' tendencies towards idiocentrism (self-oriented) or allocentrism (group-oriented). So, cultural factors when examining personality dimensions such as idiocentrism-allocentrism among diverse populations (Iliste, 2017).

In keeping with these guidelines, individualism can be defined as a cultural state of affairs where: (…) people are autonomous and independent from their in-groups [family, tribe, nation, etc.]; they give priority to their personal goals over the goals of their in-groups, they behave primarily on the basis of their attitudes rather than the norms of their in-groups, and exchange theory adequately predicts their social behavior. (Triandis, 2001: 909). Respectively, collectivism can be defined as a cultural set of circumstances in which: (…) people are interdependent within their in-groups (family, tribe, nation, etc.), give priority to the goals of their in-groups, shape their behavior primarily on the basis of in-group norms, and behave in a communal way (Triandis 2001:909).

Cultural trait’s concept of culture refers to a broad range of elements as it entails both the shared ideology, customs and social behaviors of a certain group of people, as well as the physical products particular to that group, such as tools, architecture, fashion and art (Oxford Dictionaries, 2017a; Triandis and Suh, 2002). Elements of culture are especially relevant to the field of psychology as they influence the way individuals perceive, think, respond emotionally to situations, and interact with others. These include shared beliefs, values, attitudes, categorizations, self-definitions, norms, and role definitions (Triandis, 1996). The relationship between cultural background and idiocentrism-allocentrism among student revealed a significant association between cultural background and personality traits, indicating that cultural influences play a role in shaping individuals' tendencies towards idiocentrism (self-oriented) or allocentrism (group-oriented). This finding underscores the importance of considering cultural factors when examining personality dimensions in diverse populations, particularly among international students studying abroad (Iliste, 2017). Thus, culture offers a structure which may guide an individual’s understanding of herself, others and the world. As culture is shared by a group it also creates predictability in the everyday life of individuals, as it allows them to assume that other people operate on the bases of similar assumptions.

The personality dimension of idiocentrism-allocentrism has been proposed as an individual level construct corresponding to individualism-collectivism on the cultural level (Triandis et al., 1985). This dimension of personality refers to the degree to which an individual is self-oriented or group-oriented. An idiocentric is a person whose thought patterns and perceptions, and in extension emotional responses to situations, as well as ways of behaving and interacting with others, are guided by the assumption that she is an autonomous individual who is supposed to be self-reliant and strive for self-fulfillment. Hsu (2010) while studying acculturation and communication traits said that his findings indicate that as the length of time spent in America increases, participants tend to identify more with American culture. This cultural identification correlates with reduced communication apprehension, increased willingness to communicate, and improved communication competence. However, self-disclosure became less frequent and intimate but more positive over time.

The study also highlights that communication traits among Chinese participants did not significantly differ from those of Americans, suggesting that factors other than culture may influence these traits. The sample consisted of older, highly educated individuals, which may account for the similarities observed. Overall, the research emphasizes the impact of cultural exposure on communication behaviors and traits during cross-cultural adaptation.

An allocentric, respectively, is an individual whose patterns of thought, perception, emotional response, and behavior are guided by the assumption the she is an interdependent part of a collective.

Geographical distribution of Idiocentrism-Allocentrism:

As the majority of individuals in individualist cultures will display idiocentric tendencies and the majority of individuals in collectivist cultures will display allocentric tendencies, estimates of in what geographical areas individualism and collectivism prevails may serve as an indicator of the geographical distribution of idiocentrism-allocentrism.

Hofstede and McCrae (2004) suggested that the cultures of developed and Western countries are predominantly individualist, whereas the cultures of less developed and Eastern countries are predominantly collectivist, with the exception of Japan which the authors describe as being somewhere in between.

Harry C. Triandis (2001) indicated that the cultures of North and Western Europe and North America should be counted as individualist, and those of Asia, Africa and South America should be counted as collectivist.

Values serve as motivators for behavior by determining what individuals consider important and desirable. They influence goal-setting, decision-making, and the pursuit of personal aspirations, which in turn shape personality traits such as ambition, perseverance, and adaptability. The behavioural patterns values influence behavioural patterns and responses to various situations. Individuals whose values prioritize honesty and integrity, for example, are likely to exhibit traits such as trustworthiness and ethical behavior in their interactions with others. Considering interpersonal relationships values impact how individuals engage in interpersonal relationships (Triandis, 2001). For instance, individuals who value cooperation and harmony are likely to exhibit traits such as empathy, compassion, and a willingness to compromise in relationships. Along with the cultural influence values are often shaped by cultural norms and societal expectations. Cultural values can influence personality traits such as collectivism or individualism, with individuals in collectivist cultures emphasizing group harmony and interdependence, while those in individualist cultures prioritize personal autonomy and independence. Overall, values serve as guiding principles that shape individuals' thoughts, emotions, behaviors, and relationships, contributing to the development of personality traits that are aligned with their core beliefs and priorities (Triandis, 2001).

Horizontal and vertical distinction:

Horizontal are those that values equality amongst members whereas vertical place emphasis on hierarchy. Collectivism looks you are connected to your audience or highly ranking member of your organization before you make proposal. Ward and Chang (1997) investigated the sojourner adjustment of American residents in Singapore. They found that greater discrepancy between subjects scores of extraversions and the host cultures norms were associated with higher levels of depression among the subjects. Schmitz (1994) found that a fit between immigrants chosen acculturation strategy, that is integration, assimilation, or segregation, and the acculturation style appreciated by mainstream society may result in higher levels of well-being and health among immigrants. Further, the author suggested that the acculturation of immigrants may become especially stressful if there is a great difference between the immigrant's value system and cultural self-identity and the value system and cultural self-identity presented by the new cultural context.

Emerging persuasive tools and change in attitude and behavior in Artificial intelligence has revolutionized various industries, including communication (Song and Xiong, 2021). With AI-powered communication tools, businesses and individuals can now automate processes, enhance customer interactions, and improve overall efficiency. Puerto Rico (2008) claimed various research on various communication traits among individuals in Puerto Rico, focusing on both their first language (Spanish) and second language (English). The study builds on earlier research that identified several communication traits, including assertiveness, responsiveness, behavioral shyness, self-perceived communication competence, willingness to communicate, and compulsive communication.

CONCLUSION:

Studies provides reminder that those who are from one culture to another new to change or adjust strategy to secure relationship and cooperation. Effectiveness of persuasion depends upon predetermination by cultural origin of receiver of our communication. Culture is different from one another but looking to persuade and influence is important but also responsible and ethical in communication. So, persuasive communicator has to take those cultural matters into cultural account too. The approach of persuasive communication differs due to long chain of slavery, migration, plantation, bonded laborers, aboriginality, up rootedness. Therefore, researcher can conclude that an individual empathy and sympathy is different because of various discussed factors and also the individual’s background extended upbringing.

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Received on 03.09.2024 Revised on 27.09.2024

Accepted on 11.10.2024 Published on 05.12.2024

Available online on December 31, 2024

Res. J. of Humanities and Social Sciences. 2024;15(4):313-317.

DOI: 10.52711/2321-5828.2024.00049